Food Research Institute: CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) references

QUESTIONS???
for information on CLA contact Dr. Michael W. Pariza [ mwpariza@wisc.edu ]

References on Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)
updated 30 Oct 2006

year of publication:
| 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | prior to 2000 |

publications before 2000
Analytical Methods for detection of CLA and its isomers	1999 \| 1997, 1998 \| 1996 and earlier
Effect of Diet and other conditions on CLA levels in animals and animal products	1999 \| 1997, 1998 \| 1996 and earlier
Food, CLA content	1999 \| 1997, 1998 \| 1996 and earlier
General Articles and Reviews	1999 \| 1997, 1998 \| 1996 and earlier	If review articles can fit into one other category, e.g. Food, then they are put into that category; if they cover material that would be in more than one category, then they will be here in "General"
Physiological Effects of CLA (includes fat/protein levels, anticarcinogenic effects, etc.):	1999 \| 1997, 1998 \| 1996 and earlier	in Human Studies
	1999 \| 1997, 1998 \| 1996 and earlier	in Laboratory Animals, Companion Animals (pets)
	1999 \| 1997, 1998 \| 1996 and earlier	in Farm / Food Animals (ruminants, swine, poultry, fish)
	1999 \| 1997, 1998 \| 1996 and earlier	in Cell Cultures, In Vitro Studies
Synthesis of CLA in vitro, microbial, plant	1999 \| 1997, 1998 \| 1996 and earlier

1999

Analytical Methods [1999] return to top

Adlof, RO. The Lindlar-catalyzed reduction of methyl santalbate: a facile preparation of methyl 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoate-9,10-d(2). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 76:301–304 (1999).
Adlof RO. Preparation of unlabeled and isotope-labeled conjugated linoleic and related fatty acid isomers. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 21–38 (1999).
Davis, AL, McNeill GP, and Caswell DC. Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid isomers by C-13 NMR spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lipids 97:155–165 (1999).
Davis AL, McNeill GP, Caswell DC. Identification and quantification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in fatty acid mixtures by C-13 NMR spectroscopy. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 164–179 (1999).
Dionisi F, Golay PA, Elli M, and Fay LB. Stability of cyclopropane and conjugated linoleic acids during fatty acid quantification in lactic acid bacteria. Lipids 34(10):1107–1115 (1999).
Eulitz K, Yurawecz MP, Sehat N, Fritsche J, Roach JAG, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Adlof RO, and Ku Y. Preparation, separation, and confirmation of the eight geometrical cis/trans conjugated linoleic acid isomers 8,10-through 11,13-18:2. Lipids 34(8):873–877 (1999).
Haas MJ, Kramer JKG. McNeill G. Scott K, Foglia TA, Sehat N, Fritsche J, Mossoba MM, and Yurawecz MP. Lipase-catalyzed fractionation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Lipids 34(9):979–987 (1999).
Jie MSFLK, Pasha MK, Alam MS. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of conjugated linoleic acid esters. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 152–163 (1999).
Juaneda P, and Sebedio JL. Combined silver-ion and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the separation and identification of C-20 metabolites of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in rat liver lipids. J. Chromatogr. B 724:213–219 (1999).
Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Yurawecz MP, Sehat N, Roach JAG, Eulitz K, Fritsche J, Dugan MER, and Ku Y. Impact of novel methodologies on the analysis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Implications of CLA feeding studies. Fett-Lipid 101:235–243 (1999).
Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP, Kramer JKG, Eulitz KD, Fritsche J, Sehat N, Roach JAG, Ku Y. Confirmation of conjugated linoleic acid geometric isomers by capillary gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 141–151 (1999).
Rickert R, Steinhart H, Fritsche J, Sehat N, Yurawecz, MP, Mossoba MM, Roach JAG, Eulitz K, Ku Y, and Kramer JAG. Enhanced resolution of conjugated linoleic acid isomers by tandem-column silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography. J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 22:144–148 (1999).
Roach JAG. Identification of CLA isomers in food and biological extracts by mass spectrometry. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 126–140 (1999).
Sehat N, Rickert R, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Yurawecz MP, Roach JAG, Adlof RO, Morehouse KM, Fritsche J, Eulitz KD, Steinhart H, and Ku Y. Improved separation of conjugated fatty acid methyl esters by silver ion-high-performance liquid chromatography. Lipids 34:407–413 (1999).
Spitzer V. Gas chromatography/(electron impact) mass spectrometry analysis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) using different derivatization techniques. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 110–125 (1999).
Yamasaki M, Kishihara K, Ikeda I, Sugano M, and Yamada K. A recommended esterification method for gas chromatographic measurement of conjugated linoleic acid. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 76:933–938 (1999).
Yurawecz MP, Kramer JKG, Ku Y. Methylation procedures for conjugated linoleic acid. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 64–82 (1999).

Effects of Diet [1999] and Other Conditions on CLA in Animals and Animal Products return to top

Demeyer D, and Doreau M. Targets and procedures for altering ruminant meat and milk lipids. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 58:593–607 (1999).
Dhiman TR, Helmink ED, McMahon DJ, Fife RL, and Pariza MW. Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and cheese from cows fed extruded oilseeds. J. Dairy Sci. 82:412–419 (1999).
Dhiman, TR, Anand GR, Satter LD, and Pariza MW. Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets. J. Dairy Sci. 82:2146–2156 (1999).
Enser M, Scollan ND, Choi NJ, Kurt E, Hallett K, and Wood JD. Effect of dietary lipid on the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in beef muscle. Anim. Sci. 69(Part 1):143–146 (1999).
Franklin ST, Martin KR, Baer RJ, Schingoethe DJ, and Hippen AR. Dietary marine algae (Schizochytrium sp.) increases concentrations of conjugated linoleic, docosahexaenoic and transvaccenic acids in milk of dairy cows. J. Nutr. 129:2048–2054 (1999).
Jakobsen K. Dietary modifications of animal fats: status and future perspectives. Fett-Lipid 101:475–483 (1999).
Jahreis G, Fritsche J, Kraft J. Species-dependent, seasonal, and dietary variation of conjugated linoleic acid in milk. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 215–225 (1999).
Lawless F, Stanton C, L'Escop P, Devery R, Dillon P, and Murphy JJ. Influence of breed on bovine milk cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid content. Livest. Prod. Sci. 62:43–49 (1999).
Mir Z, Goonewardene LA, Okine E, Jaegar S, and Scheer HD. Effect of feeding canola oil on constituents, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and long chain fatty acids in goats milk. Small Ruminant Res. 33:137–143 (1999).
Offer NW, Marsden M, Dixon J, Speake BK, Thacker FE. Effect of dietary fat supplements on levels of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids, trans acids and conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk. Anim. Sci. 69(Part 3):613–625 (1999).
Precht D, and Molkentin J. Analysis and seasonal variation of conjugated linoleic acid and further cis/trans-isomers and C18:1 and C18:2 in bovine milk fat. Kieler Milchwirtschaftliche Forschungsberichte 51:63–78 (1999).

Food, CLA levels in [1999] return to top

Ackman RG. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in lipids of fish tissues. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 283–295 (1999).
Kuhne D. Conjugated linoleic acid in fats from ruminants [German]. Fleischwirtschaft 79(12):86–89 (1999).
Lin H, Boylston TD, Luedecke LO, and Shultz TD. Conjugated linoleic acid content of cheddar-type cheeses as affected by processing. J. Food Sci. 64(5):874–878 (1999).
Ma DWL, Wierzbicki AA, Field CJ, and Clandinin MT. Conjugated linoleic acid in Canadian dairy and beef products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47:1956–1960 (1999).
Molkentin J. Bioactive lipids naturally occurring in bovine milk. Nahrung 43:185–189 (1999).
Precht D, Molkentin J, and Vahlendieck M. Influence of the heating temperature on the fat composition of milk fat with emphasis on cis-/trans-isomerization. Nahrung / Food 43:25–33 (1999).
Yurawecz MP, Sehat N, Mossoba MM, Roach JAG, Kramer JKG, and Ku Y. Variations in isomer distribution in commercially available conjugated linoleic acid. Fett-Lipid 101(8):277–282 (1999).

General Articles and Reviews [1999] return to top

Atkinson RL. Conjugated linoleic acid for altering body composition and treating obesity. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 348–353 (1999).
Banni S, Angioni E, Casu V, Melis MP, Carta G, Corongiu FP, Thompson H, and Ip C. Decrease in linoleic acid metabolites as a potential mechanism in cancer risk reduction by conjugated linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis 20:1019–1024 (1999).
Banni S, Angioni E, Carta G, Casu V, Deiana M, Dessi MA, Lucchi L, Melis MP, Rosa A, Vargiolu S, Corongiu FP. Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in relation to its anticarcinogenic activity. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 307–318 (1999).
Belury MA, Vanden Heuvel JP. Modulation of diabetes by conjugated linoleic acid. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 404–411 (1999).
Chen Y, Zhu NQ, Lo CY, Wang MF, and Ho CT. Process-induced health-promoting substances in foods. Food Rev. Int. 15(4):473–501 (1999).
Cook, ME, DeVoney D, Drake B, Pariza MW, Whigham L, and Yang M. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. Yurawecz, MP, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Pariza MW, and Nelson GJ (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Chapter 17, pp. 226–237 (1999).
Cook ME. Nutritional effects on vaccination. Adv. Vet. Med. 41:53–59 (1999).
Cook ME, DeVoney D, Drake B, Pariza MW, Whigham L, Yang M. Dietary control of immune-induced cachexia: Conjugated linoleic acid and immunity. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 226–237 (1999).
Dashwood RH. Early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer. Oncol. Rep. 6:277–281 (1999).
Fellner V, Sauer FD, Kramer JKG. Effect of ionophores on conjugated linoleic acid in ruminal cultures and in the milk of dairy cows. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 209–214 (1999).
Fritsche J, Rickert R, Steinhart H, Yurawecz MP, Mossoba MM, Sehat N, Roach JAG, Kramer JKG, and Ku Y. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers: formation, analysis, amounts in foods, and dietary intake. Fett-Lipid 101(8):272–276 (1999).
Fritsche J, Rickert R, Steinhart H. Formation, contents, and estimation of daily intake of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and trans-fatty acids in foods. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 378–396 (1999).
Griinari JM, Bauman DE. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid and its incorporation into meat and milk in ruminants. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 180–200 (1999).
Guthrie N, and Carroll KK. Specific versus non-specific effects of dietary fat on carcinogenesis. Prog. Lipid Res. 38:261–271 (1999).
Heuvel, JPV. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: A critical link among fatty acids, gene expression and carcinogenesis. J. Nutr. 129(Suppl.):575S–580S (1999).
Jahreis G, Fritsche J, Mockel P, Schone F, Moller U, and Steinhart H. The potential anticarcinogenic conjugated linoleic acid, cis-9,trans-11 C18: 2, in milk of different species: Cow, goat, ewe, sow, mare, woman. Nutr. Res. 19(10):1541–1549 (1999).
Knapp HR. Conjugated linoleic acid as a nutraceutical: Observations in the context of 15 years of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid research. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 412–419 (1999).
Lavillonniere F, Bougnoux P. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the risk of breast cancer. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 276–282 (1999).
Lipkin M, Reddy B, Newmark H, and Lamprecht SA. Dietary factors in human colorectal cancer. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 19:545–586 (1999)
MacDonald HB. [CLA] J. Nutr. Ed. 31:2 (1999)
Moya-Camarena SY, and Belury MA. Species differences in the metabolism and regulation of gene expression by conjugated linoleic acid. Nutr. Rev. 57:336–340 (1999).
Ntambi JM, Choi YJ, Kim YC. Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase by conjugated linoleic acid. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 340–347 (1999).
Pariza MW. The biological activities of conjugated linoleic acid. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. Yurawecz, MP, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Pariza MW, Nelson GJ (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Chapter 2, pp. 12–20 (1999).
Pariza MW, Park Y, and Cook ME. Conjugated linoleic acid and the control of cancer and obesity. Toxicol. Sci. 52(Suppl.):107–110 (1999).
Pariza MW. The biological activities of conjugated linoleic acid. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 12–20 (1999).
Parodi PW. Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic agents of bovine milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1339–1349 (1999).
Parodi PW. Conjugated linoleic acid: The early years. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 1–11 (1999).
Rudel LL. Atherosclerosis and conjugated linoleic acid. (Invited commentary.) Br. J. Nutr. 81:177–179 (1999).
Stangl G. Potential action of dietary fat in cancerogenesis. Ernahrungs Umschau 46:4 (1999).
Sugano M, Yamasaki M, Yamada K, Huang YS. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and immune function. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 327–339 (1999).
Watkins BA, Li Y, Seifert MF. Bone metabolism and dietary conjugated linoleic acid. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 253–275 (1999).
Yurawecz, MP, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Pariza MW, and Nelson GJ (eds.). Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. (1999).

Physiological Effects of CLA in Humans [1999] return to top

Innis SM, and King DJ. trans Fatty acids in human milk are inversely associated with concentrations of essential all-cis n–6 and n–3 fatty acids and determine trans, but not n–6 and n–3, fatty acids in plasma lipids of breast-fed infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70:383–390 (1999).
Jensen RG. Lipids in human milk Lipids 34:1243–1271 (1999).
Jiang J, Wolk A, and Vessby, B. Relation between the intake of milk fat and the occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in human adipose tissue. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70:21–27 (1999).
McGuire MA, McGuire MK, Parodi PW, Jensen RG. Conjugated linoleic acids in human milk. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 296–306 (1999).
McGuire MK, McGuire MA, Ritzenthaler K, Shultz TD. Dietary sources and intakes of conjugated linoleic acid intake in humans In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 369–377 (1999).
Park Y, McGuire MK, Behr R, McGuire MA, Evans MA, and Schultz TD. High-fat dairy product consumption increases Delta 9c,11t-18:2 (rumenic acid) and total lipid concentrations of human milk. Lipids 34:543–549 (1999).
Precht D, and Molkentin J. C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 trans and cis fatty acid isomers including conjugated cis Delta 9,trans Delta 11 linoleic acid (CLA) as well as total fat composition of German human milk lipids. Nahrung / Food 43:233–244 (1999).
Smedman AEM, Gustafsson OB. Berglund LGT, and Bessby BOH. Pentadecanoic acid in serum as a marker for intake of milk fat: relations between intake of milk fat and metabolic risk factors. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69:22–29 (1999).

Physiological Effects of CLA in Animals: Laboratory Animals, Companion Animals [1999] return to top

Banni S, Angioni E, Casu V, Melis MP, Scrugli S, Carta G, Corongiu FP, and Ip C. An increase in vitamin A status by the feeding of conjugated linoleic acid. Nutr. Cancer 33:53–57 (1999).
de Deckere EAM, van Amelsvoort JMM, McNeill GP, and Jones P. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on lipid levels and peroxisome proliferation in the hamster. Br. J. Nutr. 82:309–317 (1999).
Delany JP, Blohm F, Truett AA, Scimeca JA, and West DB. Conjugated linoleic acid rapidly reduces body fat content in mice without affecting energy intake. Comp. Physiol. 45:R1172–R1179 (1999).
Hayek MG, Han SN, Wu DY, Watkins BA, Meydani M, Dorsey JL, Smith DE, and Meydani SN. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid influences the immune response of young and old C57BL/6NCrlBR mice. J. Nutr. 129:32–38 (1999).
Ip C, Banni S, Angioni E, Carta G, McGinley J, Thompson HJ, Barbano D, and Bauman D. Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats. J. Nutr. 129:2135–2142 (1999).
Jones PA, Lea LJ, and Pendlington RU. Investigation of the potential of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to cause peroxisome proliferation in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 37(11):1119–1125 (1999).
Kavanaugh CJ, Liu KL, and Belury MA. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on phorbol ester-induced PGE(2) production and hyperplasia in mouse epidermis. Nutr. Cancer 33:132–138 (1999).
Kritchevsky D. Conjugated linoleic acid and experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 397–403 (1999).
Li Y, Seifert MF, Ney DM, Grahn M, Grant AL, Allen KGD, and Watkins BA. Dietary conjugated linoleic acids alter serum IGF-I and IGF-binding protein concentrations and reduce bone formation in rats fed (n-6) or (n-3) fatty acids. J. Bone Mineral Res. 14:1153–1162 (1999).
Moya-Camarena SY, Vanden Heuvel JP, and Belury MA. Conjugated linoleic acid activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor A and B subtypes but does not induce hepatic peroxisome proliferation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biochim. Biophys. Acta—Molec. Cell Biol. Lipids 1436:331–342 (1999).
Moya-Camarena SY, Vanden Heuvel JP, Blanchard SG, Leesnitzer LA, and Belury MA. Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPAR alpha. J. Lipid Res. 40:1426–1433 (1999).
Munday, JS, Thompson KG, and James KAC. Dietary conjugated linoleic acids promote fatty streak formation in the C57BL/6 mouse atherosclerosis model. Br. J. Nutr. 81:251–255 (1999).
Park Y, Storkson JM, Albright KJ, Liu KJ, and Pariza MW. Evidence that the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice. Lipids 34:235–241 (1999).
Park Y, Albright KJ, Storkson JM, Liu W, Cook ME, and Pariza MW. Changes in body composition in mice during feeding and withdrawal of conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids 34:243–248 (1999).
Sakono M, Miyanaga F, Kawahara S, Yamauchi K, Fukuda N, Watanabe K, Iwata T, and Sugano M. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reciprocally modifies ketogenesis and lipid secretion by the rat liver. Lipids 34(9):997–1000 (1999).
Sebedio JL. Juaneda P. Gregoire S. Chardigny JM. Martin JC. Ginies C. Geometry of conjugated double bonds of CLA isomers in a commercial mixture and in their hepatic 20:4 metabolites. Lipids 34:1319–1325 (1999).
Sebedio JL. Conjugated linoleic acid metabolites in rats. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 319–326 (1999).
Troyer DA, Venkatraman JT, and Fernandes G. Effects of calorie restriction and omega-3 dietary fat on aging in short- and long-lived rodents. Age 21:175–182 (1998).
Xu MR, and Dashwood RH. Chemoprevention studies of heterocyclic amine-induced colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 143(2):179–183 (1999).
Yamasaki M, Mansho K, Mishima H, Kasai M, Sugano M, Tachibana H, and Yamada K. Dietary effect of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid levels in white adipose tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 63:1104–1106 (1999).

Physiological Effects of CLA in Animals: Food / Farm Animals [1999] return to top

Ahn DU, Sell JL, Jo C, Chamruspollert M, and Jeffrey M. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the quality characteristics of chicken eggs during refrigerated storage. Poultry Sci. 78:922–928 (1999).
Chamruspollert M, and Sell JL. Transfer of dietary conjugated linoleic acid to egg yolks of chickens. Poultry Sci. 78:1138–1150 (1999).
Chouinard PY, Corneau L, Barbano DM, Metzger LE, and Bauman DE. Conjugated linoleic acids alter milk fatty acid composition and inhibit milk fat secretion in dairy cows. J. Nutr. 129:1579–1584 (1999).
Du M, Ahn DU, and Sell JL. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the composition of egg yolk lipids. Poultry Sci. 78:1639–1645 (1999).
Dugan MER, Aalhus JL, Jeremiah LE, Kramer JKG, and Schaefer AL. The effects of feeding conjugated linoleic acid on subsequent pork quality. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 79:45–51 (1999).
Dugan MER. Aalhus JL. Feeding CLA to pigs: Effects on feed conversion, carcass composition, meat quality, and palatability. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 354–368 (1999).
Muller HL, Stangl GI, and Kirchgessner M. Energy balance of conjugated linoleic acid-treated pigs. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 81:150–156 (1999).
Ostrowska E, Muralitharan M, Cross RF, Bauman DE, and Dunshea FR. Dietary conjugated linoleic acids increase lean tissue and decrease fat deposition in growing pigs. J. Nutr. 129:2037–2042 (1999).
Stangl GI, Muller H, Kirchgessner M. Conjugated linoleic acid effects on circulating hormones, metabolites and lipoproteins, and its proportion in fasting serum and erythrocyte membranes of swine. European J Nutr 38(6):271-277 (1999).

Physiological Effects of CLA in Cell Cultures / In Vitro Studies [1999] return to top

Bretillon L, Chardigny JM, Gregoire S, Berdeaux O, and Sebedio JL. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on the hepatic microsomal desaturation activities in vitro. Lipids 34(9):965–969 (1999).
Brodie, AE, Manning, VA, Ferguson KR, Jewell DE, and Hu CY. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits differentiation of pre- and post-confluent 3T3-L1 preadipocytes but inhibits cell proliferation only in preconfluent cells. J. Nutr. 129:602–606 (1999).
Cantwell H, Devery R, O'Shea M, and Stanton C. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on theantioxidant enzyme defense system in rat hepatocytes. Lipids 34(8):833–839 (1999).
Ip MM, Masso-Welch PA, Shoemaker SF, Shea-Eaton WK, and Ip C. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of normal rat mammary epithelial cells in primary culture. Exp. Cell Res. 250:22–34 (1999).
O'Shea M, Stanton C, and Devery R. Antioxidant enzyme defence responses of human MCF-7 and SW480 cancer cells to conjugated linoleic acid. Anticancer Res. 19(3A):1953–1959 (1999).
Satory DL, and Smith SB. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation but stimulates lipid filling of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J. Nutr. 129:92–97 (1999).
Truitt A, McNeill G, and Vanderhoek JY. Antiplatelet effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta—Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1438:239–246 (1999).
Yin JJ, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Yurawecz MP, Eulitz K, Morehouse KM, and Ku YO. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on oxygen diffusion-concentration product and depletion in membranes by using electron spin resonance spin-label oximetry. Lipids 34(10):1017–1023 (1999).
Yotsumoto H, Hara E, Naka S, Adlof RO, Emken EA, and Yanagita T. 10trans,12cis-linoleic acid reduces apolipoprotein B secretion in HepG2 cells. Food Res. Int. 31:403–409 (1999).

Synthesis: In vitro, Microbial, and Plant [1999] return to top

Bauman DE, Baumgard LH, Corl BA, Griinari JM. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants. http://www.asas.org/jas/symposia/proceedings/0937.pdf (1999).
Chen CA, Lu W, and Sih CJ. Synthesis of 9Z,11E-octadecadienoic and 10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acids, the major components of conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids 34(8):879–884 (1999).
Jung MY, and Ha YL. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers in partially hydrogenated soybean oil obtained during nonselective and selective hydrogenation processes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47:704–708 (1999).
Eulitz K, Yurawecz MP, Ku Y. The oxidation of conjugated linoleic acid. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 55–63 (1999).
Garcia HS, Keough KJ, Arcos JA, and Hill CG. Continuous interesterification of butteroil and conjugated linoleic acid in a tubular reactor packed with an immobilized lipase. Biotechnol. Tech. 13:369–373 (1999).
Kamlage B, Hartmann L, Gruhl B, and Blaut M. Intestinal microorganisms do not supply associated gnotobiotic rats with conjugated linoleic acid. J. Nutr. 129:2212–2217 (1999).
Kim YJ, and Liu RH. Selective increase in conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat by crystallization. J. Food Sci. 64(5):792–795 (1999).
Lin TY, Lin CW, and Lee CH. Conjugated linoleic acid concentration as affected by lactic cultures and added linoleic acid. Food Chem. 67:1–5 (1999).
Liang X, D Zhu, H Schulz. delta3,5,7,delta2,4,6-trienoyl-CoA isomerase, a novel enzyme that functions in the beta-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids on conjugated double bonds. J. Biol. Chem. 274:13830–13835 (1999).
Ma DWL, Wierzbicki AA, Field CJ, and Clandinin MT. Preparation of conjugated linoleic acid from safflower oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 76:729–730 (1999); 78:980 (2001).
Martinez CE, Vinay JC, Brieva R, Hill CG, and Garcia HS. Lipase-catalyzed interesterification (acidolysis) of corn oil and conjugated linoleic acid in organic solvents. Food Biotechnol. 13:183–193 (1999).
McNeill GP, Rawlins C, and Peilow AC. Enzymatic enrichment of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and incorporation into triglycerides. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 76(11):1265–1268 (1999).
Reaney MJT, Liu YD, Westcott ND. Commercial production of conjugated linoleic acid. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson (eds.). Champaign, IL, AOCS Press. Pp. 39–54 (1999).
Sehanputri PS, and Hill CG. Biotechnology for the production of nutraceuticals enriched in conjugated linoleic acid: I. Uniresponse kinetics of the hydrolysis of corn oil by a Pseudomonas sp. lipase immobilized in a hollow fiber reactor. Biotech. Bioeng. 64:568–579 (1999).
Seo HS, Endo Y, and Fujimoto K. Kinetics for the autoxidation of conjugated linoleic acid. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 63:2009–2010 (1999).

1997 and 1998

Analytical Methods [1997–1998] return to top

Ackman RG. Laboratory preparation of conjugated linoleic acids. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:1227, 1469 (1998).
Adlof R, and Lamm T. Fractionation of cis- and trans-oleic, linoleic, and conjugated linoleic fatty acid methyl esters by silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 799:329–332 (1998).
Christie WW. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry methods for structural analysis of fatty acids. Lipids 33:343–353 (1998).
Kramer JKC, Fellner V, Dugan MER, Sauer FD, Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP. Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids. Lipids 32:1219-1228 (1997).
Ramamurthi S, Manohar V, and Mani VVS. Characterization of fatty acid isomers in dehydrated castor oil by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:1297–1303 (1998).
Sehat N, Kramer JKG, Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP, Roach JAG, Eulitz K, Morehouse KM, and Ku Y. Identification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in cheese by gas chromatography, silver ion high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectral reconstructed ion profiles - comparison of chromatographic elution sequences. Lipids 33:963–971 (1998).
Sehat N, Yurawecz MP, Roach JAG, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, and Ku Y. Silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and identification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Lipids 33(2):217-221 (1998).

Effects of Diet [1997–1998] and Other Conditions on CLA in Animals and Animal Products return to top

Dhiman TR, Satter LD, Pariza MW, Gali MP, and Albright K. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):184 (Abstr.) (1998).
Jahreis G, Fritsche J, Steinhart H. Conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat -- high variation depending on production system. Nutr. Res. 17:1479-1484 (1997).
Kelly ML, Berry JR, Dwyer DA, Griinari JM, Chouinard PY, Vanamburgh ME, and Bauman DE. Dietary fatty acid sources affect conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk from lactating dairy cows. J. Nutr. 128:881–885 (1998).
Kelly ML, Kolver ES, Bauman DE, Vanamburgh ME, and Muller LD. Effect of intake of pasture on concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid in milk of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81:1630–1636 (1998).
Lawless F, Murphy JJ, Harrington D, Devery R, and Stanton C. Elevation of conjugated cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid in bovine milk because of dietary supplementation. J. Dairy Sci. 81:3259–3267 (1998).
Precht D, Molkentin J. Effect of feeding on conjugated cis delta-9, trans delta-11-octadecadienoic acid and other isomers of linoleic acid in bovine milk fats. Nahrung Food 41:330-335 (1997).
Shantha NC, Moody WG, Tabeidi Z. Conjugated linoleic acid concentration in semimembranosus muscle of grass- and grain-fed and zeranol-implanted beef cattle. J. Muscle Foods 8(1):105-110 (1997).
Stanton C, Lawless F, Kjellmer G, et al. Dietary influences on bovine milk cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid content. J. Food Sci. 62:1083-1086 (1997).
Thivierge MC, Chouinard PY, Levesque J, Girard V, Seoane JR, and Brisson GJ. Effects of buffers on milk fatty acids and mammary arteriovenous differences in dairy cows fed CA salts of fatty acids. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2001–2010 (1998).

Food, CLA levels in [1997–1998] return to top

Christie WW, Dobson G, Gunstone FD. Isomers in commercial samples of conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids 32:1231 (1997).
Fritsche S, and Fritsche J. Occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in beef. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:1449–1451 (1998).
Fritsche J, and Steinhart H. Amounts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in German foods and evaluation of daily intake. Z. Lebensm.-Unters. Forsch. 206:77–82 (1998).
Jiang J, Bjorck L, and Fonden R. Production of conjugated linoleic acid by dairy starter cultures. J. Appl. Microbiol. 85:95–102 (1998).
Jiang J, Bjorck L, and Fonden R. Conjugated linoleic acid in Swedish dairy products with special reference to the manufacture of hard cheese. Int. Dairy J. 7:863–867 (1997).
Kramer JKG, Parodi PW, Jensen RG, Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP, and Adlof RO. Rumenic acid: A proposed common name for the major conjugated linoleic acid isomer found in natural products. Lipids 33:835 (1998).
Lavillonniere F, Martin JC, Bougnoux P, and Sebedio J-L. Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and content in French cheeses. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:343–352 (1998).
Lin H, Boylston TD, Luedecke LO, and Shultz TD. Factors affecting the conjugated linoleic acid content of Cheddar cheese. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46:801-807 (1998).
McGuire MK, Park Y, Behre RA, Harrison LY, Shultz TD, McGuire MA. Conjugated linoleic acid concentrations of human milk and infant formula. Nutr. Res. 17:1277-1283 (1997).
Precht D, Molkentin J. Trans-geometrical and positional isomers of linoleic acid including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in German milk and vegetable fats. Fett Lipid 99:319-326 (1997).
Sserunjogi ML, Abrahamsen RK, and Narvhus J. Current knowledge of ghee and related products. Int. Dairy J. 8:677–688 (1998).
Stanton C, Lawless F, Murphy J, Connolly B. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) -- a health promoting component of dairy fats. II. Dietary sources of CLA. Farm & Food 7(2):21-22 (1997)
Yurawecz MP, Roach JAG, Sehat N, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Fritsche J, Steinhart H, and Ku Y. A new conjugated linoleic acid isomer, 7 trans, 9 cis-octadecadienoic acid, in cow milk, cheese, beef and human milk and adipose tissue. Lipids 33:803–809 (1998).

General Articles and Reviews [1997–1998] return to top

Banni S, Angioni E, Contini MS, Carta G, Casu V, Iengo GA, Melis MP, Deiana M, Dessi MA, and Corongiu FP. Conjugated linoleic acid and oxidative stress. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:261–267 (1998).
Belury MA, Vanden Heuvel JP. Protection against cancer and heart disease by the dietary fat, conjugated linoleic acid: potential mechanisms of action. Nutr. Dis. Update J. 1:58–63 (1997).
Chen ZY, Chan PT, Kwan KY, Zhang A. Reassessment of the antioxidant activity of conjugated linoleic acids. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 74(6):749-753 (1997).
Cook ME, and Pariza MW. The role of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in health. Int. Dairy J. 8:459–462 (1998).
Doyle E. Scientific forum explores CLA knowledge. INFORM 9(1):69-73 (1998).
Fritsche J, and Steinhart H. Analysis, occurrence, and physiological properties of trans fatty acids (TFA) with particular emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA) - A review. Fett. Lipid 100:190–210 (1998).
Gurr M. Biological properties of some cow's milk fat components. Lipid Technology 9(3):70-73 (1997).
Hasler CM. Functional Foods. Their role in disease prevention and health promotion. Food Technol. 52(11):63–70 (1998).
Jahreis G, and Bochmann K. Comparison of dietary fats — physiological effects of fatty acids. Ernahrungs-Umschau 45:192 ff (1998).
Jahreis B. Reducing high linoleic acid in diets and increasing conjugated linoleic acid uptake. Ernahrungs-Umschau 45:285–287 (1998).
Jahreis G. Anticarcinogenic fatty acids in milk and beef [German]. Ernahrungs. Umschau. 44:168-172 (1997).
Jain M. Dairy foods, dairy fats, and cancer — a review of epidemiological evidence. Nutr. Res. 18:905–937 (1998).
Lemon PWR. Dietary protein requirements in athletes. J. Nutr. Biochem. 8:52-60 (1997).
O'Shea M, Lawless F, Stanton C, and Devery R. Conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk fat - a food-based approach to cancer chemoprevention. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 9:192–196 (1998).
Pariza MW, Ponakala SV, Gerlat PA, and Andress S. Predicting the functionality of direct food additives. Food Technol. 52(11):56–60 (1998).
Pariza MW. Animal studies -- summary, gaps, and future research. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66:S1539-S1540 (1997).
Pariza MW. Conjugated linoleic acid, a newly recognised nutrient. Chemistry & Industry 1997:464-466.
Pariza MW, Park Y, Kim S, et al. Mechanism of body fat reduction by conjugated linoleic acid. FASEB J. 11:A139 (1997).
Park Y and Pariza MW. Evidence that commercial calf and horse sera can contain substantial amounts of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids 33:817–819 (1998).
Parodi PW. Cows milk fat components as potential anticarcinogenic agents. J. Nutr. 127:1055-1060 (1997).
Schek A. Butter for prevention of atherosclerosis and cancer. Ernahrungs-Umschau 45:282–284 (1998).
Seifert MF, Watkins BA. Role of dietary lipid and antioxidants in bone metabolism. Nutr. Res. 17:1209-1228 (1997).
Stanton C, Lawless F, Murphy J, Connolly B. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) -- a health promoting component of dairy fats. I. Biological properties of CLA. Farm & Food 7(2):19-20 (1997).

Physiological Effects of CLA in Humans [1997–1998] return to top

Fritsche J, Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid (cla) isomers in human adipose tissue. Zeitschrift Lebensmittel. Untersuchung Forschung A-Food Research & Technology 205:415-418 (1997).
Gallagher PA, Kohlmeier M, Miranda S, Godley P. Human adipose tissue levels of conjugated linoleic acid in a case-control study of prostate cancer. FASEB J. 12:387, Suppl. S (1998).
Herbel BK, McGuire MK, McGuire MA, and Shultz TD. Safflower oil consumption does not increase plasma conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67:332-337 (1998).
Inouye M, Hashimoto H, Mio T, and Sumino K. Levels of lipid peroxidation product and glycated hemoglobin A(1)C in the erythrocytes of diabetic patients. Clin. Chem. Acta 276:163–172 (1998).
Jensen RG, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Hill DW, Kind AJ, and Henderson R. The anticarcinogenic conjugated fatty acid, 9c, 11t-18:2, in human milk: confirmation of its presence. J. Hum. Lact. 14:23–27 (1998).
Lowery LM, Appicelli PA and Lemon PWR. Conjugated linoleic acid enhances muscle size and strength gains in novice bodybuilders. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 30:S182 (1998).
Salminen I, Mutanen M, Jauhiainen M, and Aro A. Dietary trans fatty acids increase conjugated linoleic acid levels in human serum. J. Nutr. Biochem. 9:93-98 (1998).

Physiological Effects of CLA in Animals: Laboratory Animals, Companion Animals [1997–1998] return to top

Belury MA, Kempasteczko A. Conjugated linoleic acid modulates hepatic lipid composition in mice. Lipids 32:199-204 (1997).
Belury MA, Moyacamarena SY, Liu KL, Heuvel JPV. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid induces peroxisome-specific enzyme accumulation and ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse liver. J. Nutr. Biochem. 8:579-584 (1997).
Cesano A, Visonneau S, Scimeca JA, Kritchevsky D, and Santoli D. Opposite effects of linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid on human prostatic cancer in SCID mice. Anticancer Res. 18:1429–1434 (1998).
Houseknecht KL, Vanden Heuvel JP, Moya-Camarena SY, Portocarrero CP, Peck LW, Nickel KP, and Belury MA. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid normalizes impaired glucose tolerance in the Zucker diabetic fatty fa/fa rat. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 244:678–682 (1998).
Ip C. Review of the effects of trans fatty acids, oleic acid, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and conjugated linoleic acid on mammary carcinogenesis in animals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66:S1523-S1529 (1997).
Ip C, Jiang C, Thompson HJ, Scimeca JA. Retention of conjugated linoleic acid in the mammary gland is associated with tumor inhibition during the post-initiation phase of carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 18:755-759 (1997).
Ip C, Scimeca JA. Conjugated linoleic acid and linoleic acid are distinctive modulators of mammary carcinogenesis. Nutr. Cancer 27:131-135 (1997).
Josyula S, HeYH, Ruch RJ, and Schut HAJ. Inhibition of DNA adduct formation of PhIP in female F344 rats by dietary conjugated linoleic acid. Nutr. Cancer 32:132–138 (1998).
Josyula S, and Schut HAJ. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on DNA adduct formation of PhIP and IQ after bolus administration to female F344 rats. Nutr. Cancer 32:139–145 (1998).
Lee KN, Pariza MW, and Ntambi JM. Conjugated linoleic acid decreases hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA expression. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 248:817–821 (1998).
Li Y, and Watkins BA. Conjugated linoleic acids alter bone fatty acid composition and reduce ex vivo prostaglandin E-2 biosynthesis in rats fed n-6 or n-3 fatty acids. Lipids 33:417–425 (1998).
Nicolosi RJ, Wilson TA, Rogers EJ, and Kritchevsky D. Effects of fatty acids (8:0, 14:0, cis-18:1, trans-18:1) on plasma lipoproteins, early atherogenic potential, and LDL oxidative properties in the hamster. J. Lipid Res. 39:1972–1980 (1998).
Nicolosi RJ, Rogers EJ, Kritchevsky D, Scimeca JA, Huth PJ. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces plasma lipoproteins and early aortic atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Artery. 22:266-277 (1997).
Park Y, Albright KJ, Liu W, Storkson JM, Cook ME, Pariza MW. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids 32:853-858 (1997).
Scimeca JJ. Toxicological evaluation of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in male Fischer 344 rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 36:391–395 (1998).
Sebedio JL, Juaneda P, Dobson G, Ramilison I, Martin JD, Chardigny JM. Metabolites of conjugated isomers of linoleic acid (CLA) in the rat. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Lipids & Lipid Metabolism 1345:5-10 (1997).
Sugano M, Tsujita A, Yamasaki M, Yamada K, Ikeda I, Kritchevsky D. Lymphatic recovery, tissue distribution, and metabolic effects of conjugated linoleic acid in rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 8:38-43 (1997).
Sugano M, Tsujita A, Yamasaki M, Noguchi M, and Yamada K. Conjugated linoleic acid modulates tissue levels of chemical mediators and immunoglobulins in rats. Lipids 33:521–527 (1998).
Thompson H, Zhu ZJ, Banni S, Darcy K, Loftus T, Ip C. Morphological and biochemical status of the mammary gland as influenced by conjugated linoleic acid -- implication for a reduction in mammary cancer risk. Cancer Res. 57:5067-5072 (1997).
Turek JJ, Li Y, Schoenlein IA, Allen KGD, and Watkins BA. Modulation of macrophage cytokine production by conjugated linoleic acids is influenced by the dietary n-6–n-3 fatty acid ratio. J. Nutr. Biochem. 9:258–266 (1998).
Visonneau S, Cesano A, Tepper SA, Scimeca JA, Santoli D, Kritchevsky D. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the growth of human breast adenocarcinoma cells in scid mice. Anticancer. Res. 17:969-973 (1997).
West DB, Delany JP, Camet PM, Blohm F, Truett AA, and Scimeca J. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse. Am. J. Physiol. 44:R667–R672 (1998).
Wong MW, Chew BP, Wong TS, Hosick HL, Boylston TD, Shultz TD. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on lymphocyte function and growth of mammary tumors in mice. Anticancer. Res. 17:987-993 (1997).
Zusman I. Comparative anticancer effects of vaccination and dietary factors on experimentally-induced cancers. In Vivo 12:675–689 (1998).

Physiological Effects of CLA in Animals: Food / Farm Animals [1997–1998] return to top

Cook ME. Controlling immune-induced wasting through dietary manipulation: the role of conjugated linoleic acid. Proc. Am. Assoc. Swine Practitioners Annual Meeting, 1998. pp. 219–222 (1998).
Dugan MER, Aalhus JL, Schaefer AL, Kramer JKG. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on fat to lean repartitioning and feed conversion in pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 77:723–725 (1997).
Kramer JKG, Sehat N, Dugan MER Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP, Roach JAG, Eulitz K, Aalhus JL, Schaefer AL, and Ku Y. Distributions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in tissue lipid classes of pigs fed a commercial CLA mixture determined by gas chromatography and silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography. Lipids 33:549–558 (1998).
Loor JJ, Herbein JH. Exogenous conjugated linoleic acid isomers reduce bovine milk fat concentration and yield by inhibiting de novo fatty acid synthesis. J. Nutr. 128:2411–2419 (1998).

Physiological Effects of CLA in Cell Cultures / In Vitro Studies [1997–1998] return to top

Cantwell H, Devery R, Stanton C, and Lawless F. The effect of a conjugated linoleic acid on superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in oxidatively-challenged liver cells. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 26:S62 (1998).
Chew BP, Wong TS, Shultz TD, Magnuson NS. Effects of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid and beta-carotene in modulating lymphocyte and macrophage function. Anticancer. Res. 17:1099-1106 (1997).
Cunningham DC, Harrison LY, Shultz TD. Proliferative responses of normal human mammary and mcf-7 breast cancer cells to linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid and eicosanoid synthesis inhibitors in culture. Anticancer. Res. 17:197-203 (1997).
Durgam VR, Fernandes G. The growth inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid on mcf-7 cells is related to estrogen response system. Cancer Lett. 116:121-130 (1997).
Liu KL, Belury MA. Conjugated linoleic acid modulation of phorbol ester-induced events in murine keratinocytes. Lipids 32:725-730 (1997).
Liu, KL, and Belury MA. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces arachidonic acid content and PGE(2) synthesis in murine keratinocytes. Cancer Lett. 127:15–22 (1998).
Schut HAJ, Cummings DA, Smale MHE, et al. DNA adducts of heterocyclic amines: Formation, removal and inhibition by dietary components. Mutat. Res. Fund. Mol. Microbiol. 376:185-194 (1997).
Xiao YF, Wright SN, Wang GK, Morgan JP, and Leaf A. Fatty acids suppress voltage-gated Na+ currents in HEK293T cells transfected with the alpha-subunit of the human cardiac Na+ channel. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95:2680–2685 (1998).

Synthesis: In vitro, Microbial, and Plant [1997–1998] return to top

Arcos JA, Otero C, and Hill CG. Rapid enzymatic production of acylglycerols from conjugated linoleic acid and glycerol in a solvent-free system. Biotechnol. Lett. 20:617–621 (1998).
Berdeaux O, Voinot L, Angioni E, Juaneda P, and Sebedio JL. A simple method of preparation of methyl trans-10,cis-12- and cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoates from methyl linoleate. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:1749–1755 (1998).
Berdeaux O, Christie WW, Gunstone FD, Sebedio JL. Large-scale synthesis of methyl cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoate from methyl ricinoleate. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 74:1011-1015 (1997).
Chen CA, Sih CJ. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid. J. Organic Chem. 63:9620–9621 (1998).
Garcia HS, Storkson JM, Pariza MW, and Hill CG. Enrichment of butteroil with conjugated linoleic acid via enzymatic interesterification (acidolysis) reactions. Biotechnol. Lett. 20:393–395 (1998).
Jiang J, and Kamal-Eldin A. Comparing methylene blue-photosensitized oxidation of methyl-conjugated linoleate and methyl linoleate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46:923–927 (1998).
Jiang J, Bjorck L, and Fonden R. Production of conjugated linoleic acid by dairy starter cultures. J Appl Microbiol 85:95-102 (1998).
Schone F, Fritsche J, Bargholz J, Leiterer M, Jahreis G, and Matthaus B. Changes of rapeseed and linseed oil during processing. Fett-Lipid 100:539–545 (1998)
Sehat N, Yurawecz MP, Roach JAG, Mossoba MM, Eulitz K, Mazzola EP, and Ku Y. Autoxidation of the furan fatty acid ester, methyl 9,12-epoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:1313–1319 (1998).
Fellner V, Sauer FD, Kramer JKG. Effect of nigericin, monensin, and tetronasin on biohydrogenation in continuous flow-through ruminal fermenters. J. Dairy Sci. 80:921-928 (1997).
Jie M, Pasha MK, Alam MS. Synthesis and nuclear magnetic resonance properties of all geometrical isomers of conjugated linoleic acids. Lipids 32:1041-1044 (1997).
Kuklev DV, Christie WW, Durand T, et al. Synthesis of keto- and hydroxydienoic compounds from linoleic acid. Chem. Physics Lipids 85:125-134 (1997).

1996 and earlier

Analytical Methods [1996 and earlier] return to top

Adlof RO. Analysis of fatty acid mono- and diacylglycerol positional isomers by silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 741:135-138 (1996).
Banni S, Day BW, Evans RW, Corongiu FP, Lombardi B. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of conjugated diene fatty acids in a partially hydrogenated fat. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 71(12):1321-1325 (1994).
Chang MK, Conkerton EJ, Chapital D, Wan PJ. Behavior of diglycerides and conjugated fatty acid triglycerides in reverse-phase chromatography. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 71(10):1173-1175 (1994).
Corongiu FP, Banni S. Detection of conjugated dienes by second derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Methods Enzymol. 233:303-310 (1994).
Iversen SA, Cawood P, Dormandy TL. A method for the measurement of a diene-conjugated derivative of linoleic acid, 18:2(9,11), in serum phospholipid, and possible origins. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 22:137-140 (1985).
Iversen SA, Cawood P, Madigan MJ, Lawson AM, Dormandy TL. Identification of a diene conjugated component of human lipid as octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid. FEBS Lett. 171:320-324 (1984).
Mossoba MM, McDonald RE, Armstrong DJ, et al. Identification of minor C18 triene and conjugated diene isomers in hydrogenated soybean oil and margarine by GC-MI-FT-IR spectroscopy. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 29:324-330 (1991).
Schut HA, Zu HX. Application of the 32p-postlabelling assay to the inhibition of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ)-DNA adduct formation by dietary fatty acids. IARC Sci. Publ. 1993:181-188.
Shantha NC, Decker EA, Hennig B. Comparison of methylation methods for the quantitation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. J. AOAC Int. 76(3):644-649 (1993).
Yurawecz MP, Hood JK, Mossoba MM, Roach JA, Ku Y. Furan fatty acids determined as oxidation products of conjugated octadecadienoic acid. Lipids 30:595-598 (1995).

Effects of Diet [1996 and earlier]and Other Conditions on CLA in Animals and Animal Products return to top

Jahreis G, Fritsche J, Steinhart H. Monthly variations of milk composition with special regard to fatty acids depending on season and farm management systems conventional versus ecological. Fett Wissenschaft Technologie-Fat Science Technology 98:356-359 (1996).
Jiang J, Bjoerck L, Fonden R, Emanuelson M. Occurrence of conjugated cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid in bovine milk -- effects of feed and dietary regimen. J. Dairy Sci. 79:438-445 (1996).
Shantha NC, Moody WG, Tabeidi Z. Conjugated linoleic acid concentration in semimembranosus muscle of grass- and grain-fed and zeranol-implanted cattle. IFT Annual Meeting Abstracts 1995:242.

Food, CLA levels in [1996 and earlier] return to top

Aneja RP, Murthi TN. Conjugated linoleic acid contents of Indian curds and ghee. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 43(2):231-238 (1990).
Banni S, Carta G, Contini MS, et al. Characterization of conjugated diene fatty acids in milk, dairy products, and lamb tissues. J. Nutr. Biochem. 7:150-155 (1996).
Boylston TD, Lin H, Luedecke LO, Shultz TD. Effect of processing on the formation of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in yogurt. IFT Annual Meeting: Book of Abstracts 1996:143.
Britton M, Fong C, Wickens D, Yudkin J. Diet as a source of phospholipid esterified 9,11-octadecadienoic acid in humans. Clin. Sci. (Colch). 83:97-101 (1992).
Chin SF, Liu W, Storkson JM, Ha YL, Pariza MW. Dietary sources of conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid, a newly recognized class of anticarcinogens. J. Food Compos. Anal. 5(3):185-197 (1992).
Friedman M. Food browning and its prevention -- an overview. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44:631-653 (1996).
Garcia Lopez S, Echeverria E, Tsui I, Balch B. Changes in the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in processed cheese during processing. Food Res. Int. 27(1):61-64 (1994).
Kammerlehner J. Linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acids -- occurrence in milk fat and biological significance. DMZ-Lebensmittelindustrie Milchwirtschaft. 116(26):1268-1272 (1995).
Lin H, Boylston TD, Luedecke LO, Shultz TD. Effects of additives, aging, packaging, and milling pH on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of Cheddar cheese. IFT Annual Meeting: Book of Abstracts 1996:143.
Lin H, Boylston TD, Chang MJ, Luedecke LO, Shultz TD. Survey of the conjugated linoleic acid contents of dairy products. J. Dairy Sci. 78:2358-2365 (1995).
Lin H, Boylston TD, Luedecke LO, Shultz TD. Effects of processing on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) formation in Cheddar-type cheeses. IFT Annual Meeting Abstracts 1995:263.
Pariza MW. Designer foods: effects on development of cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs. 105-107 (1992).
Pariza MW, Ashoor SH, Chu FS, Lund DB. Effects of temperature and time on mutagen formation in pan-fried hamburger. Cancer Lett. 7:63-69 (1979).
Parodi PW. Conjugated octadecadienoic acids of milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 60:1550-1553 (1977).
.Parodi PW. Conjugated linoleic acid: an anticarcinogenic fatty acid present in milk fat. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 49(2):93-97 (1994).
Shantha NC, Ram LN, O'Leary J, Hicks CL, Decker EA. Conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in dairy products as affected by processing and storage. J. Food Sci. 60(4):695-697 (1995).
Shantha NC, Crum AD, Decker EA. Evaluation of conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in cooked beef. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42(8):1757-1760 (1994).
Shantha NC, Decker EA, Ustunol Z. Conjugated linoleic acid concentration in processed cheese. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 69(5):425-428 (1992).
Shantha NC, Decker EA. Conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in processed cheese containing hydrogen donors, iron and dairy-based additives. Food Chem. 47(3):257-261 (1993).
Sieber R. Conjugated linoleic acids in foods. Ernaehrung. 19(6):265-270 (1995).
Werner SA, Luedecke LO, Shultz TD. Determination of conjugated linoleic acid content and isomer distribution in three Cheddar-type cheeses: effects of cheese culture, processing, and aging. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40(10):1817-1821 (1992).
Yurawecz MP, Molina AA, Mossoba M, Ku Y. Estimation of conjugated octadecatrienes in edible fats and oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 70(11):1093-1099 (1993).

General Articles and Reviews [1996 and earlier] return to top

Aneja RP, Murthi TN. Beneficial effects of ghee. Nature UK. 350(6316):280 (1991).
Belury MA. Conjugated dienoic linoleate: a polyunsaturated fatty acid with unique chemoprotective properties. Nutr. Rev. 53:83-89 (1995).
Chin SF, Storkson JM, Pariza MW. Conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid. A new class of food-derived anticarcinogens. ACS Symp. Ser. 1993(528):262-271.
Decker EA. The role of phenolics, conjugated linoleic acid, carnosine, and pyrroloquinoline quinone as nonessential dietary antioxidants. Nutr. Rev. 53:49-58 (1995).
Fitch Haumann B. Conjugated linoleic acid offers research promise. INFORM 7(2):152,159 (1996).
Gurr M. A trans fatty acid that is good to eat? Conjugated linoleic acid. Lipid Technol. 7(6):133-135 (1995).
Ha YL, Grimm NK, Pariza MW. Newly recognized anticarcinogenic fatty acids: identification and quantification in natural and processed cheeses. J. Agric. Food Chem. 37(1):75–81 (1989).
Ha YL, Grimm NK, Pariza MW. Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis8:1881-1887 (1987).
Ip C, Lisk DJ, Scimeca JA. Potential of food modification in cancer prevention. Cancer Res. 54:1957s-1959s (1994).
Ip C, Scimeca JA, Thompson HJ. Conjugated linoleic acid. A powerful anticarcinogen from animal fat sources. Cancer 74:1050-1054 (1994).
Kakela R, Hyvarinen H, Vainiotalo P. Unusual fatty acids in the depot fat of the Canadian beaver (Castor canadensis). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B, Biochem. Molec. Biol. 113:625-629 (1996).
Kaylegian KE. Functional characteristics and nontraditional applications of milk lipid components in food and nonfood systems. J. Dairy Sci. 78:2524-2540 (1995).
Kohlmeier L, Simonsen N, Mottus K. Dietary modifiers of carcinogenesis. Environ. Health Perspect. 103(Suppl 8):177-184 (1995).
Pariza MW, Ha YL, Benjamin H, et al. Formation and action of anticarcinogenic fatty acids. Adv. Experim. Med. Biol. 289:269-272 (1991).
Pariza MW, Ha YL. Conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid: a new class of anticarcinogens. Med. Oncol. Tumor Pharmacother. 7:169-171 (1990).
Pariza MW, Ha YL. Conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid: mechanism of anticarcinogenic effect. Progr. Clin. Biol. Res. 347:217-221 (1990).
Pariza MW, Ha YL. Newly recognized anticarcinogenic fatty acids. Basic Life Sci. 52:167-170 (1990).
Parodi PW. Milk fat components -- possible chemopreventive agents for cancer and other diseases. Australian J. Dairy Technol. 51:24-32 (1996).
Scimeca JA, Thompson HJ, Ip C. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on carcinogenesis. Adv. Exper. Med. Biol. 364:59-65 (1994).
Steinhart C. Conjugated linoleic acid -- the good news about animal fat. J. Chem. Ed. 73:A 302-A 303 (1996).
Wang LL, Johnson EA. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:624-629 (1992).

Physiological Effects of CLA in Humans return to top

Physiological Effects of CLA in Animals: Laboratory Animals, Companion Animals [1996 and earlier] return to top

Belury MA, Nickel KP, Bird CE, Wu YM. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid modulation of phorbol ester skin tumor promotion. Nutr. Cancer 26:149-157 (1996).
Chin SF, Storkson JM, Albright KJ, Cook ME, Pariza M. W. Conjugated linoleic acid is a growth factor for rats as shown by enhanced weight gain and improved feed efficiency. J. Nutr. 124:2344-2349 (1994).
Chin SF, Storkson JM, Liu W, Albright KJ, Pariza MW. Conjugated linoleic acid (9,11- and 10,12-octadecadienoic acid) is produced in conventional but not germ-free rats fed linoleic acid. J. Nutr. 124:694-701 (1994).
Ha YL, Storkson J, Pariza MW. Inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene-induced mouse forestomach neoplasia by conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid. Cancer Res. 50:1097-1101 (1990).
Ip C, Chin SF, Scimeca JA, Pariza MW. Mammary cancer prevention by conjugated dienoic derivative of linoleic acid. Cancer Res. 51:6118-6124 (1991).
Ip C, Singh M, Thompson HJ, Scimeca JA. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses mammary carcinogenesis and proliferative activity of the mammary gland in the rat. Cancer Res. 54:1212-1215 (1994).
Ip C, Briggs SP, Haegele AD, Thompson HJ, Storkson J, Scimeca JA. The efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid in mammary cancer prevention is independent of the level or type of fat in the diet. Carcinogenesis 17:1045-1050 (1996).
Ip C, Scimeca JA, Thompson H. Effect of timing and duration of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on mammary cancer prevention. Nutr. Cancer 24:241-247 (1995).
Lee KN, Storkson JM, Pariza MW. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid changes fatty acid composition in different tissues by decreasing monounsaturated fatty acids. IFT Annual Meeting: Book of Abstracts 1995:183.
Lee KN, Kritchevsky D, Pariza MW. Conjugated linoleic acid and atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis 108:19-25 (1994).
Liew C, Schut HAJ, Chin SF, Pariza MW, Dashwood RH. Protection of conjugated linoleic acids against 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-induced colon carcinogenesis in the F344 rat -- a study of inhibitory mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 16:3037-3043 (1995).
Miller CC, Park Y, Pariza MW, Cook ME. Feeding conjugated linoleic acid to animals partially overcomes catabolic responses due to endotoxin injection. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 198:1107-1112 (1994).
Pariza MW, Hargraves WA. A beef-derived mutagenesis modulator inhibits initiation of mouse epidermal tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Carcinogenesis 6:591-593 (1985).
Park Y, Albright KJ, Liu W, Cook ME, Pariza MW. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces body fat content and isomers of CLA are incorporated into phospholipid fraction. IFT Annual Meeting Book of Abstracts 1995:183.
Zu HX, Schut HA. Inhibition of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-DNA adduct formation in CDF1 mice by heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid. Food Chem. Toxicol. 30:9-16 (1992).

Physiological Effects of CLA in Animals: Food Animals [1996 and earlier] return to top

Cook ME, Miller CC, Park Y, Pariza M. Immune modulation by altered nutrient metabolism: nutritional control of immune-induced growth depression. Poult. Sci. 72:1301-1305 (1993).

Physiological Effects of CLA in Cell Cultures / In Vitro Studies [1996 and earlier] return to top

Desbordes C, Lea MA. Effects of C18 fatty acid isomers on DNA synthesis in hepatoma and breast cancer cells. Anticancer. Res. 15:2017-2021 (1995).
Schonberg S, Krokan HE. The inhibitory effect of conjugated dienoic derivatives (cla) of linoleic acid on the growth of human tumor cell lines is in part due to increased lipid peroxidation. Anticancer. Res. 15:1241-1246 (1995).
Shultz TD, Chew BP, Seaman WR. Differential stimulatory and inhibitory responses of human mcf-7 breast cancer cells to linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in culture. Anticancer. Res. 12:2143-2145 (1992).
Shultz TD, Chew BP, Seaman WR, Luedecke LO. Inhibitory effect of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid and beta-carotene on the in vitro growth of human cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 63:125-133 (1992).
Smith TJ, Stoner GD, Yang CS. Activation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in human lung microsomes by cytochromes P450, lipoxygenase, and hydroperoxides. Cancer Res. 55:5566-5573 (1995).
van den Berg JJ, Cook NE, Tribble DL. Reinvestigation of the antioxidant properties of conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids 30:599-605 (1995).

Synthesis: In vitro, Microbial, and Plant [1996 and earlier] return to top

Banni S, Contini MS, Angioni E, et al. A novel approach to study linoleic acid autoxidation -- importance of simultaneous detection of the substrate and its derivative oxidation products. Free Radic. Res. 25:43-53 (1996).
Kemp P, White RW, Lander DJ. The hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids by five bacterial isolates from the sheep rumen, including a new species. J. Gen. Microbiol. 90:100-114 (1975).
Yang X, Pariza MW. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-producing bacteria: isolation, identification and properties of their linoleic acid isomerases. IFT Annual Meeting, Abstracts 1995:243.
Yurawecz MP, Hood JK, Roach JAG, et al. Conversion of allylic hydroxy oleate to conjugated linoleic acid and methoxy oleate by acid-catalyzed methylation procedures. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 71(10):1149-1155 (1994).

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1996 and earlier